// AI Glossary A–Z

Every AI term, defined.

A living dictionary of 109 AI concepts — from foundational terms to cutting-edge techniques. Search or browse alphabetically.

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CONCEPT
Diffusion Model
A diffusion model is a generative AI that creates images by learning to reverse a…
CONCEPT
Dimensionality Reduction
Dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the number of features in a dataset while…
CONCEPT
Edge AI
Edge AI is running AI models directly on local devices — phones, cameras, sensors, vehicles…
CONCEPT
Embedding
An embedding is a dense list of numbers (a vector) that represents something — a…
CONCEPT
Ensemble Learning
Ensemble learning combines multiple machine learning models to produce better predictions than any individual model…
CONCEPT
Epoch
An epoch is one complete pass through the entire training dataset. Models train for many…
CONCEPT
Expert System
An expert system is an early form of AI that encodes human expertise as IF-THEN…
CONCEPT
Explainable AI (XAI)
Explainable AI (XAI) is the field of techniques that make AI decisions understandable to humans.…
CONCEPT
F1 Score
The F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision (when the model says positive, how…
CONCEPT
Feature Engineering
Feature engineering is using domain knowledge to transform raw data into features that help ML…
CONCEPT
Federated Learning
Federated learning trains AI models across many devices or organisations without raw data ever leaving…
CONCEPT
Few-Shot Learning
Few-shot learning is the ability of an AI to learn a new task from only…
CONCEPT
Fine-Tuning
Fine-tuning takes a large pretrained model and continues training it on a smaller domain-specific dataset…
CONCEPT
Foundation Model
A foundation model is a large AI model trained on broad data at massive scale…
CONCEPT
GAN (Generative Adversarial Network)
A GAN (Generative Adversarial Network) is two neural networks in competition — a generator that…
CONCEPT
Generative AI
Generative AI is AI that creates — text, images, audio, video, code — rather than…
CONCEPT
GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is OpenAI’s family of large language models that generate human-like text.…
CONCEPT
Gradient Descent
Gradient descent is the optimisation algorithm that trains virtually every machine learning model. It measures…
CONCEPT
Graph Neural Network (GNN)
A Graph Neural Network (GNN) is a neural network designed for data where relationships matter…
CONCEPT
Grounding
Grounding means anchoring an AI’s outputs to specific, verifiable real-world information rather than letting it…
CONCEPT
Guardrails
Guardrails are the constraints, filters, and safety systems applied to AI models to prevent harmful,…
CONCEPT
Hallucination
Hallucination is when an AI model generates confident, fluent, plausible-sounding content that is factually wrong…
CONCEPT
Heuristic
A heuristic is a practical rule of thumb that finds a good-enough solution quickly rather…
CONCEPT
Hidden Layer
A hidden layer is any layer in a neural network between the input (where data…
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